Raja Raja Cholan's Memorial (Samadhi), Udayalur
Raja
Raja Cholan’s Memorial (Samadhi) is located at Udayalur, a village in the
Kumbakonam taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. Udayalur is a few
kilometers away from the historic Chola dynasty stronghold town of Kizha
Pazhayarai. The village was historically called "Sri Kangeyapuram".
This
village is believed to be the final resting place of the Great Chola dynasty
emperor Raja Raja Chola I, though it remains less known than the temples
he built far off. The 1000 years old Sri
Kailasanathar temple, dedicated Lord Shiva is
located at Udayalur and it is believed that this temple was built by Raja Raja
Cholan I.
Raja Raja
Cholan – Brief History
Rajaraja
Chola I (985 to 1015 CE) was an unequalled monarch who ruled the entire
Southern part of India over thousand years ago, whose greatness and glory can
still witnessed by the world by his magnum opus the Brihadeeswarar Temple in
Thanjavur. He was born Arulmozhivarman, the second son of the Parantaka Cholan
II alias Sundara Cholan and Vanavan Mahadevi. His brother the crown prince the
Valiant Aditha Karikalan was assassinated and there was a political instability
which followed this.
Even as
a youngster when all the people of the country wanted to crown him as the
ruler, he declined and relinquished his right and requested his uncle to rule
the mighty Chola kingdom to avoid any ill feelings in the family and waited for
fifteen years to become the monarch and ruled for thirty years from 985 to 1015
which was the beginning of the golden age of Cholas.
It’s not
an exaggeration to call Rajaraja Chola an all-round genius earning him the
various titles which can be found in his inscriptions. He was valiant warrior
and a master strategist who built his empire by his might of his army, navy and
political treaties. He paid meticulous attention to the welfare and comfort of
his people. His local administration and civil administration system was par
excellence. Rajaraja built the Great temple of Thanjavur and covered the two
hundred feet high tower with gold to signal his contribution.
The
temple survives to this day in its original grandeur. It is a magnificient
haven of architecture, sculpture and paintings. His rule demonstrates the
equality and liberty the chola women enjoyed. His sister Kundavai and queens
possessed property in their own names, which they donated to charity, temples
and infirmaries and issuing orders with equal validity as that of the Emperor.
Rajaraja was a staunch follower of Saivism but ensured religious tolerance and
patronized all religions Saivism, Vaishnavism, Saktam, Jainism and Buddhism
alike.
Samadhi
(Burial Place)
Rajaraja
Chola I (985 to 1015 CE) was an unequalled monarch who ruled the entire
Southern part of India over thousand years ago. After a short period
of illness and suffering, the emperor of Tamil Chola Empire
of India passed away on 14th January 1014. Recently the half buried
slanted Shiva Lingam figured in the midst of plantain field and just behind the
hut of Pakirisamy's (a farmer) in Mudikondan river bed in Udayalur, Kumbakonam
taluk. The site and Shiva Lingam are being claimed as Raja Raja Cholan's ashes'
burial place. Both the Shiva Lingam and the inscription lead many people to
link and believe the site as the pallippadai of Raja Raja Cholan - I.
Udayalur is located 32 km from Thanjavur and 6 km from
Kumbakonam. The 1000 years old Sri Kailasanathar temple, dedicated Lord Shiva
is located at Udayalur and it is learned that this temple was built by Raja
Raja Cholan I. It is also believed that the Chola emperor has gifted this
village to Ulagamuzhuthudayal, one of his wives and also named the village
as Ulagamuzhuthudayalur. This name gradually transformed as Udayalur.
Paalkulathu
Amman temple is another temple located on the banks of Palkulam (Ksheera
Theertham) on the eastern border of the village. There is a stone pillar
bearing inscriptions at the temple doorway. Previously this pillar was part of
the mandapam in Pazhayarai, where in the body of Raja Raja Cholan I laid for
last rites. At a later date this mandapam was demolished for unknown reasons.
Eventually this pillar was taken from the demolished site and planted at Paalkulathu
Amman temple. This inscription was copied during 1880 – 1910 (about 30 years of
work) reported and published in the Annual Epigraphy Report during 1927 – 28.
பால்குளத்து
அம்மன் கல்வெட்டுப் பாடம்:
1 ஸ்வஸ்திஸ்ரீ ஸகலபுவந சக்கரவர்த்திகள் ஸ்ரீகு
2 லோத்துங்க சோழ தேவற்கு யாண்டு நாற்ப
3 த்திரண்டாவது ஸ்ரீசிவபாதசேகரமங்கலத்து
4 எழுந்தருளிநின்ற ஸ்ரீராஜராஜதேவரான ஸ்ரீ
5 சிவபாதசேகரதேவர் திருமாளிகை முன்பில்
6 பெரிய திருமண்டப முன்[பி¦]லடுப்பு
ஜீர்
7 ந்நித்தமையில் இம்மண்டபம் எடுப்பி
8 த்தார் பிடவூர் (பிடவூர் வேளான்) வேளா
9 ன் அரிகேசவனாந கச்சிராஜற்காக இவ்வூர்
10 நாயகம் செய்து நின்ற ஜயசிங்ககுலகா
11 ல வளநாட்டு குளமங்கல நாட்டு சா
12 த்தமங்கலத்து சாத்தமங்கலமுடை
13 யான் நம்பிடாரன் நாடறிபுகழன் இ
14 வருடன் விரதங்கொண்டு செய்தார் இ
15 வ்வூர் பிடாரகளில் ராஜேந்த்ரசோழனு
16 தைய நாயகநான ஈசானசிவரும் தேவ
17 நபயமாந அறங்காட்டி பிச்சரும்
Tamil
Translation:
ஸ்ரீசிவபாதசேகரமங்கலம்
என்னும் ஊரில் கட்டப்பட்டிருந்த ஸ்ரீஇராஜராஜதேவரான ஸ்ரீசிவபாதசேகரதேவர்
திருமாளிகையின் முன்பிருந்த பெரிய திருமண்டபம் பழுதுபட்டதால் பிடவூர் வேளான்
அரிகேசவனான காசிராஜன் அதைத் திருப்பணி செய்ய விழைந்தார். ஜெயசிங்ககுலகால வளநாட்டு சாத்தமங்கலத்து பிடாரன் நாடறிபுகழன் அவருக்காக
இப்பணியை மேற்கொண்டார். ஸ்ரீசிவபாதசேகரமங்கலத்துப்
பிடாரர்களில் இராஜேந்திர சோழன் உதைய நாகனான ஈசானசிவரும் தேவன் அபயமான அறங்காட்டிப்
பிச்சரும் இப்பணிக்கு உறுதுணையாக அமைந்தனர்.)
English
Translation:
The
dilapidated large hall (Thiru Mandapam) before the royal palace (Thiru
Maalikai) of Sri Raja Raja Thevar (also known as) Sri Sivapathaatha Shekara
Thevar at Sri Sivapaada Shekara Mangalam was rebuilt on behalf of Velaan
Arikesavanatha Kasirajan of the village Pidavur executed through the head
of the village Sri Sivapaada Shekara Mangalam namely Jayasingha Kulakaala valanadu,
Kulamangala Naatu, Saaththa Mangalaththu (Saaththa Mangalam - his native
village) along with two other Pidaarer (Tamil Saiva Temple Priests) of this
village (Sivapaathasekara Mangalam) named Rajendra Chola Uthaiya Nayakanaana
Esaana Sivar and Thevan Abayamaana Arangkaatti Pitchchar.
Summary:
The
Inscription talks about three Pidaarers (Tamil Saiva Temple Priests), who
executed the rebuilding of the dilapidated large hall (Thiru Mandapam in front
of the royal palace (Sivapaathasekara Thiru Maalikai) at Sivapaathasekara
Mangalam.
Some
local history enthusiasts around Kumbakonam and Thanjavur re-opened discussions
on this inscription. This Thiru Mandapam was interpreted as to be a Memorial
Temple (of Raja Raja Cholan I) and put forward their views and took efforts to
trace out the pallippadai of Raja Raja Cholan I.
Both the
Shiva Lingam and the inscription lead many people to link and believe the site
as the pallippadai of Raja Raja Cholan - I. Pallippadai means a Shiva temple
constructed on the cemetery of a king. Pallippadai is the Tamil name for
sepulchral shrine. Raising sepulchral shrine on the burial / cremation ground
was found common during later Cholas period (10th and 11th century).
Inscriptions would point out with details about the construction of sepulchral
temples over the remains of kings and princes.
Historian
Kudanthai Sethuraman (of Raman & Raman Bus Services) published a paper
Aaivukk Katturaikal - vol 2 on this subject during `1980s. In this paper he has
reported about his field study and about the inscription and he could not
establish any link regarding pallippadai.
According
to Dr. Kudavayil Balasubramanian, well known epigraphist and historian from
Thanjavur district, the inscription speaks about some structures built in
memory of Raja Raja Cholan I. The structure mentioned therein was renovated by
Kulothunga Cholan I (1070 - 1120 A.D.). The pallippadai figured on the bed of
River Mudikondan (a tributary of Cauvery) could be the part of pallippadai. The
historian also related the pallippadai of Panchavan Madevi (one of the wives
Raja Raja Cholan I) located at Patteeswaram (nearer to Udayalur). He also
strongly believes that there could be a pallippadai of Raja Raja Cholan I
located in the nearby area since the emperor spent his last days at the palace
in Pazhayarai.
The
state Department of Archaeology (DoA) could not establish any such conclusion
since they could not find any reliable evidence to prove it. Some people
continued to claim that the Shiva Lingam site on the bed of River Mudikondan,
being nearer to the erstwhile Chola capital Pazhayarai, could possibly be
the sepulchral shrine since Raja Raja Chola I was buried about 1,000 years
ago.
Dr. R. Kalaikovan
(Director of the Dr. M. Rajamanickanar Center for Historical Research), had
visited both Paalkulathu Amman Temple and the site at Mudikondan river bed in
Udayalur along with his team and conducted the field study and analyzed the
inscriptions.
The
article, 'Udayaloril Pallippadaya?' was posted in Varalaru.com
(http://www.varalaru.com) - A Monthly Web Magazine dealing with history, culture
and heritage of South India.
Web Link:
The
conclusion arrived by him indicate that nothing in the inscription could be
related to pallippadai.
Connectivity
Udayalur
Village (Sri Kangeyapuram) is located 32 Kms towards East from
District headquarters Thanjavur & 6 Kms from Kumbakonam. Take Bus No 35
from Kumbakonam to reach this place. Believed Burial place of Raja Raja
Chozhan is located near Selli Amman Temple, Udayalur. Nearest Railway
Station is located at Kumbakonam & Nearest Airport is located at Trichy.